The stock market crash of 1929 was one of the worst stock market crashes in the history of the United States. Specification 1 shows no relationship between returns and average expectations, because it shows the mixed results of a positive relationship between changes in the DJIA and the average level of expectations in the pre-crash period and the temporary increase in expectations after the crash.

In each regression, the right-hand side variables include three dummies for the four periods we focus on: February through June 2008 is the reference category, the first dummy is for July through September 2008, the second dummy is for October through November 2008, and the third dummy is for December 2008 through February 2009.

Be careful about using an investing strategy that buys only cheap” stocks and avoids those that are expensive,” because price is only cheap or expensive in relation to what a stock …